Exclusive: Americans today know a lot more about Iraq than they did ten years ago, knowledge gained painfully from the blood of soldiers and civilians. But a crucial question remains: why did George W. Bush and his neocon advisers rush headlong into this disastrous war, a mystery Robert Parry unwinds.
By Robert Parry
A decade after President George W. Bush ordered the unprovoked invasion of Iraq, one of the enduring mysteries has been why. There was the rationale sold to a frightened American people in 2002-2003 that Saddam Hussein was plotting to attack them with WMDs but no one in power really believed that.
There have been other more plausible explanations: George Bush the Younger wanted to avenge a perceived slight to George Bush the Elder, while also outdoing his father as a “war president”; Vice President Dick Cheney had his eye on Iraq’s oil wealth; and the Republican Party saw an opportunity to create its “permanent majority” behind a glorious victory in the Middle East.
Though George W. Bush’s defenders vigorously denied being motivated by such crass thinking, those rationales do seem closer to the truth. However, there was another driving force behind the desire to conquer Iraq: the neoconservative belief that the conquest would be a first step toward installing compliant pro-U.S. regimes throughout the Middle East and letting Israel dictate final peace terms to its neighbors.
That rationale has often been dressed up as “democratizing” the Middle East, but the idea was more a form of “neocolonialism,” in which American proconsuls would make sure that a favored leader, like the Iraqi National Congress’ Ahmed Chalabi, would control each country and align the nations’ positions with the interests of the United States and Israel.
Some analysts have traced this idea back to the neocon Project for the New American Century in the late 1990s, which advocated for “regime change” in Iraq. But the idea’s origins go back to the early 1990s and to two seminal events.
The first game-changing moment came in 1990-91 when President George H.W. Bush showed off the unprecedented advancements in U.S. military technology. Almost from the moment that Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990, the Iraqi dictator began signaling his willingness to withdraw after having taught the arrogant al-Sabah ruling family in Kuwait a lesson in power politics.
But the Bush-41 administration wasn’t willing to negotiate a peaceful resolution to the Kuwait invasion. Instead of letting Hussein arrange an orderly withdrawal, Bush-41 began baiting him with insults and blocking any face-saving way for a retreat.
Peace feelers from Hussein and later from Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev were rebuffed as Bush-41 waited his chance to demonstrate the stunning military realities of his New World Order. Even the U.S. field commander, Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, favored Gorbachev’s plan for letting Iraqi forces pull back, but Bush-41 was determined to have a ground war.
So, Gorbachev’s plan was bypassed and the ground war commenced with the slaughter of Iraqi troops, many of them draftees who were mowed down and incinerated as they fled back toward Iraq. After 100 hours, Bush-41 ordered a halt to the massacre. He then revealed a key part of his motivation by declaring: “We’ve kicked the Vietnam Syndrome once and for all.” [For details, see Robert Parry’s Secrecy & Privilege.]
Neocons Celebrate
Official Washington took note of the new realities and the renewed public enthusiasm for war. In a post-war edition, Newsweek devoted a full page to up-and-down arrows in its “Conventional Wisdom Watch.” Bush got a big up arrow with the snappy comment: “Master of all he surveys. Look at my polls, ye Democrats, and despair.”
For his last-minute stab at a negotiated Iraqi withdrawal, Gorbachev got a down arrow: “Give back your Nobel, Comrade Backstabber. P.S. Your tanks stink.” Vietnam also got a down arrow: “Where’s that? You mean there was a war there too? Who cares?”
Neocon pundits, already dominating Washington’s chattering class, could barely contain their glee with the only caveat that Bush-41 had ended the Iraqi turkey shoot too soon and should have taken the carnage all the way to Baghdad.
The American people also rallied to the lopsided victory, celebrating with ticker-tape parades and cheering fireworks in honor of the conquering heroes. The victory-parade extravaganza stretched on for months, as hundreds of thousands jammed Washington for what was called “the mother of all parades.”
Americans bought Desert Storm T-shirts by the caseloads; kids were allowed to climb on tanks and other military hardware; the celebration concluded with what was called “the mother of all fireworks displays.” The next day, the Washington Post captured the mood with a headline: “Love Affair on the Mall: People and War Machines.”
The national bonding extended to the Washington press corps, which happily shed its professional burden of objectivity to join the national celebration. At the annual Gridiron Club dinner, where senior government officials and top journalists get to rub shoulders in a fun-filled evening, the men and women of the news media applauded wildly everything military.
The highlight of the evening was a special tribute to “the troops,” with a reading of a soldier’s letter home and then a violinist playing the haunting strains of Jay Ungar’s “Ashoken Farewell.” Special lyrics honoring Desert Storm were put to the music and the journalists in the Gridiron singers joined in the chorus: “Through the fog of distant war/Shines the strength of their devotion/To honor, to duty,/To sweet liberty.”
Among the celebrants at the dinner was Defense Secretary Cheney, who took note of how the Washington press corps was genuflecting before a popular war. Referring to the tribute, Cheney noted in some amazement, “You would not ordinarily expect that kind of unrestrained comment by the press.”
A month later at the White House Correspondents Dinner, the U.S. news media and celebrity guests cheered lustily when General Schwarzkopf was introduced. “It was like a Hollywood opening,” commented one journalist referring to the spotlights swirling around the field commander.
Neocon pundit Charles Krauthammer lectured the few dissidents who found the press corps’ groveling before the President and the military unsettling. “Loosen up, guys,” Krauthammer wrote. “Raise a glass, tip a hat, wave a pom-pom to the heroes of Desert Storm. If that makes you feel you’re living in Sparta, have another glass.”
American Hegemony
Like other observers, the neocons had seen how advanced U.S. technology had changed the nature of warfare. “Smart bombs” zeroed in on helpless targets; electronic sabotage disrupted enemy command and control; exquisitely equipped American troops outclassed the Iraqi military chugging around in Soviet-built tanks. War was made to look easy and fun with very light U.S. casualties.
The collapse of the Soviet Union later in 1991 represented the removal of the last obstacle to U.S. hegemony. The remaining question for the neocons was how to get and keep control of the levers of American power. However, those levers slipped out of their grasp with Bush-41’s favoritism toward his “realist” foreign policy advisers and then Bill Clinton’s election in 1992.
But the neocons still held many cards in the early 1990s, having gained credentials from their work in the Reagan administration and having built alliances with other hard-liners such as Bush-41’s Defense Secretary Cheney. The neocons also had grabbed important space on the opinion pages of key newspapers, like the Washington Post and the Wall Street Journal, and influential chairs inside major foreign-policy think tanks.
The second game-changing event took place amid the neocon infatuation with Israel’s Likud leaders. In the mid-1990s, prominent American neocons, including Richard Perle and Douglas Feith, went to work for the campaign of Benjamin Netanyahu and tossed aside old ideas about a negotiated peace settlement with Israel’s Arab neighbors.
Rather than suffer the frustrations of negotiating a two-state solution to the Palestinian problem or dealing with the annoyance of Hezbollah in Lebanon, the neocons on Netanyahu’s team decided it was time for a bold new direction, which they outlined in a 1996 strategy paper, called “A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm.”
The paper advanced the idea that only “regime change” in hostile Muslim countries could achieve the necessary “clean break” from the diplomatic standoffs that had followed inconclusive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. Under this “clean break,” Israel would no longer seek peace through compromise, but rather through confrontation, including the violent removal of leaders such as Saddam Hussein who were supportive of Israel’s close-in enemies.
The plan called Hussein’s ouster “an important Israeli strategic objective in its own right,” but also one that would destabilize the Assad dynasty in Syria and thus topple the power dominoes into Lebanon, where Hezbollah might soon find itself without its key Syrian ally. Iran also could find itself in the cross-hairs of “regime change.”
American Assistance
But what the “clean break” needed was the military might of the United States, since some of the targets like Iraq were too far away and too powerful to be defeated even by Israel’s highly efficient military. The cost in Israeli lives and to Israel’s economy from such overreach would have been staggering.
In 1998, the U.S. neocon brain trust pushed the “clean break” plan another step forward with the creation of the Project for the New American Century, which lobbied President Clinton to undertake the violent overthrow of Saddam Hussein.
However, Clinton would only go so far, maintaining a harsh embargo on Iraq and enforcing a “no-fly zone” which involved U.S. aircraft conducting periodic bombing raids. Still, with Clinton or his heir apparent, Al Gore, in the White House, a full-scale invasion of Iraq appeared out of the question.
The first key political obstacle was removed when the neocons helped engineer George W. Bush’s ascension to the presidency in Election 2000. However, the path was not fully cleared until al-Qaeda terrorists attacked New York and Washington on Sept. 11, 2001, leaving behind a political climate across America favoring war and revenge.
Of course, Bush-43 had to first attack Afghanistan, where al-Qaeda maintained its principal base, but he then quickly pivoted to the neocons’ desired target, Iraq. Besides being home to the already demonized Saddam Hussein, Iraq had other strategic advantages. It was not as heavily populated as some of its neighbors yet it was positioned squarely between Iran and Syria, two other top targets.
In those heady days of 2002-2003, a neocon joke posed the question of what to do after ousting Saddam Hussein in Iraq whether to next go east to Iran or west to Syria. The punch-line was: “Real men go to Tehran.”
But first Iraq had to be vanquished, and this other agenda restructuring the Middle East to make it safe for U.S. and Israeli interests had to be played down, partly because average Americans might be skeptical and because expert Americans might have warned about the dangers from U.S. imperial overreach.
So, Bush-43, Vice President Cheney and their neocon advisers pushed the “hot button” of the American people, still frightened by the horrors of 9/11. The bogus case was made that Saddam Hussein had stockpiles of WMD that he was ready to give to al-Qaeda so the terrorists could inflict even greater devastation on the U.S. homeland.
Stampeding America
The neocons, some of whom grew up in families of left-wing Trotskyites, viewed themselves as a kind of a “vanguard” party using “agit-prop” to maneuver the American “proletariat.” The WMD scare was seen as the best way to stampede the American herd. Then, the neocon thinking went, the military victory in Iraq would consolidate war support and permit implementation of the next phases toward “regime change” in Iran and Syria.
The plan seemed to be working early, as the U.S. military overwhelmed the beleaguered Iraqi army and captured Baghdad in three weeks. Bush-43 celebrated by landing on the USS Abraham Lincoln in a flight suit and delivering a speech beneath a banner reading “Mission Accomplished.”
However, the plan began to go awry when neocon pro-consul Paul Bremer in pursuit of a neocon model regime got rid of Iraq’s governing infrastructure, dismantled much of the social safety net and disbanded the army. Then, the neocon-favored leader, exile Ahmed Chalabi, turned out to be a non-starter with the Iraqi people.
An armed resistance emerged, using low-tech weapons such as “improvised explosive devices.” Soon, not only were thousands of American soldiers dying but ancient sectarian rivalries between Shiites and Sunnis began tearing Iraq apart. The scenes of chaotic violence were horrific.
Rather than gaining in popularity with the American people, the war began to lose support, leading to Democratic gains in 2006. The neocons salvaged some of their status in 2007 by pushing the fiction of the “successful surge,” which supposedly had turned impending defeat into victory, but the truth was that the “surge” only delayed the inevitable failure of the U.S. enterprise.
With George W. Bush’s departure in 2009 and the arrival of Barack Obama, the neocons retreated, too. Neocon influence waned within the Executive Branch, though neocons still maintained strongholds at Washington think tanks and on editorial pages of national news outlets like the Washington Post.
New developments in the region also created new neocon hopes for their old agenda. The Arab Spring of 2011 led to civil unrest in Syria where the Assad dynasty based in non-Sunni religious sects was challenged by a Sunni-led insurgency which included some democratic reformers as well as radical jihadists.
Meanwhile, in Iran, international opposition to its nuclear program prompted harsh economic sanctions. Though President Obama viewed the sanctions as leverage to compel Iran to accept limits on its nuclear program, some neocons were salivating over how to hijack the sanctions on behalf of “regime change.”
However, in November 2012, Obama’s defeat of neocon favorite Mitt Romney and the departure of neocon ally, CIA Director David Petraeus, were sharp blows to the neocon plans of reclaiming the reins of U.S. foreign policy. Now, the neocons must see how they can leverage their continued influence over Washington’s opinion circles and hope for advantageous developments abroad to steer Obama toward more confrontational approaches with Iran and Syria.
For the neocons, it also remains crucial that average Americans don’t think too much about the why behind the disastrous Iraq War, a tenth anniversary that can’t pass quickly enough as far as the neocons are concerned.
[For a limited time, you can purchase Robert Parry’s trilogy on the Bush family for only $34. For details, click here.]
Investigative reporter Robert Parry broke many of the Iran-Contra stories for The Associated Press and Newsweek in the 1980s. You can buy his new book, America’s Stolen Narrative, either in print here or as an e-book (from Amazon and barnesandnoble.com).
Why does Bob Parry focus on the neocons? Who are the other pro-imperial, pro-Israel political actors?
Why does Parry believe that “With George W. Bush’s departure in 2009 and the arrival of Barack Obama, the neocons retreated”?
Why does Parry claim there is “international opposition” to Iran’s peaceful “nuclear program”?
Incidentally, I strongly disagree with those still claiming that the US invaded Iraq because of “the oil”
Of course there’s lots of oil in the Persian Gulf….but almost none of that oil comes to the USA or, even Western Europe…..that was true 10 years ago and its even more so now. Today, the vast majority of Persian Gulf oil (from Saudi Arabia, et al) goes to Japan, India and, especially, China. And, guess what?….not one Japanese, Indian or Chinese soldier was sent to the Persian Gulf area to secure those supplies or routes.
With the new discoveries of huge deposits of shale oil and natural gas in North Dakota, Texas and other domestic areas as well as the massive deposits in Canada, less and less non-North American oil is being imported every day.
I am not aware of one extra drop of Iraqi oil coming into the USA or to our oil companies as a result of the Iraq War.
Frank
Great article, Robert!
It could be even stronger with the addition of two more factors: Paul Wolfowitz and the fear in Israel of an Iraqi missile attack.
As Deputy Secretary of Defense, Wolfowitz was the biggest hawk in the Bush (43) administration. A major Neocon, a Zionist and the mentor of Scty of State Condoleeza Rice, he pushed and pushed for the invasion of Iraq. He became known as “The Architect of the Iraq War”.
During the first Iraq War, Saddam Hussein ordered the firing of 37 Scud missiles into Israel. The Scuds had conventional warheads and did very little damage. But, the fear in Israel (and among American Israel supporters…especially the Neocons) was that Iraq would arm new missiles with chemical or biological warheads (weapons-of-mass-destruction, if you will). As a result, all Israelis were issued gas masks, shelters were built….even US Army Patriot anti-missile units were stationed in Israel.
Both of these factors clearly strengthen your main premise….that Iraq was invaded to make Israel more secure!
Frank
The bank robber Willie Sutton was asked why he robbed banks. He replied, “that’s where the money is.”
The Gulf is where half of the world’s oil is. Unless one thinks it was to control olive oil.
Cheney was on record noting that the approaching threat of Peak Oil was something the Empire needed to focus on.
They knew 9/11 was about to happen, US allies provided warnings and several agencies were tracking the hijackers (CIA, DIA, FBI). They allowed the attacks in order to create the political shift to grab the oil. The 9/11 “truth” movement is pushing a lot of ridiculous claims but the fact that the White House was warned and didn’t act to stop the attacks is well documented, although inconvenient to admit.
Cheney said it was a war that would not end in our lifetime because that is how long the oil will last (a few more decades).
http://www.oilempire.us
“Some analysts have traced this idea back to the neocon Project for the New American Century in the late 1990s, which advocated for “regime change†in Iraq. But the idea’s origins go back to the early 1990s and to two seminal events.”
This is why, obviously. It is also the reason for 9/11.
I’ve been a journalist for more than 40 years, and I can tell you: Robert Parry, whom virtually no one has heard of, has been single-handedly doing what it should be all about. Objective, documented analysis. But it’s never seen as objective, because it’s so damning of the powers that be.
Don’t miss the reverse-propaganda documentary “Hubris” on MSNBC, featuring the “liberal” military hardware aficionado, Rachel Maddow.
When will “Never Again” really mean never again?
Frances, that’s easy to answer, When hell freezes over.
An important historical context for the first Iraq War was the winding up of the Cold War. Public talk was all about a “peace dividend”, and turning attention away from costly arms races towards the real problems facing the planet. The military-industrial complex was in a panic (and this is why the April Gillespie-Saddam meeting remains suspicious – as we now know she expressly told Hussein the green-light came directly from secretary of State Baker). Agents of the MIC will not hesitate to manipulate events to their favour. I still remember an Admiral telling the press: “If you’re looking for the peace dividend, it just left on an aircraft carrier to the Persian Gulf.”
The following years featured an endless stream of military and think-tank analysts warning that Islamic terrorism was going to be the next big thing, waiting for the GWB administration to arrive in power and make it all true. An enemy to match the Russians had been manufactured, and endless war in service of profit-making has ensued.
The press cheered so hard during the first Gulf War because it has been known since the Kennedy assassination that a major crisis is the ticket to career success in that business.
To the stewards of the military-industrial complex, and their press enablers, everything is going to plan and there have been no “mistakes”.
Why? contains the Anwer: W, the Company’s scion for Poppy’s Husshussein, OIL (Operation Iraq Liberation) and return of the Iraqis’ Oil $ales to the U.S. Dollar $tandard! FED Up, yet?
A compelling and reasonable account of the “why.” How about “why the rush?” Saddam had allowed the inspectors back in and had promised carte blanche access to any site they wanted. There was also a back channel attempt by Saddam, through Swiss diplomats, to forestall an invasion with apparantly some kind of sincere offer of a bargain. So why the hurry in Spring ’03? Here, in a CN exclusive, I’ll tell you: Saddam had an incurable, fatal illness (likely some form of cancer) and had about a year to live. With a little digging in foreign press archives, especially Russian, this can be confirmed. The Neocons were not willing to wait to see what sort of transition of power would ensue. What if a more moderate, more democratic political bloc had emerged to vie with Saddam’s sons for power? What if it had succeeded? The raison d’être for invasion might no longer fly. They couldn’t take that chance, and the military pieces were all in place. Let’s go!
If we are to be a civilized society like we profess to be, lets start acting like one. Yet we have the war machine marching on to fight wars we should have never been involved in. Lets tell more lies to get us into war. WMD, tossing babies out of the incubators, Colin Powell telling the UN yes there are WMD’s in Iraq, and to think he could have told the truth and said there were none.
Yet we sit by and do nothing about it. That is the fault of a society controlled.
Thank you Robert, good articles are always.
“Obama created his Cabinet exclusively with nothing but Neocon devotees and apologists.”
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Absolutely right Derek ,
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Rham Emanuel the ultra neocon Zionist Israeli-American and the chief power-broker of the Democrat Party to name but one.
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Let us also not forget President G.W.tried to convince the French President via a phone call that the Bible Prophesy “Gog MayGog” had to be fulfilled by the invasion of Iraq in which G.W.Bush been chosen to serve as the instrument of the “Lord God of Israel”.
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This very frightening fact was somehow completely ignored by the US media.
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The Neocons were not in retreat at all with the departure of George W. Bush. Obama created his Cabinet exclusively with nothing but Neocon devotees and apologists.
From the War-Loving and Bush-Lieberman friendly Hillary Clinton (“We will obliterate you”), to Robert Gates, to David Petraeus, etc., Obama embraced the “surge” concept and simply extended the Iraq War for more 4 years. He also escalated the Afghanistan War, started new Wars in Syria, Libya, Yemen, and has all the CIA and Military maneuverings and propaganda in place for War with Iran as well.
There has been no change in “Neocon” Foreign Policy with Obama. The Torture, the Human Carnage, the Pre-emptive War Policies, the Secrecy, and the Lies have all been enthusiastically embraced and advanced forward with Obama. And he has also prosecuted and criminalized Whistleblowers with far more aggression than Bush ever did.
Derek — Thank you for stating the facts so clearly. Because of Neocon-triggered militarism and the breakdown of constitutional law, this republic is on the road to extinction. –David
That happened on November 22, 1963, long before the emergence of the neocons. The neocons are a faction of the Empire, not all of it. Obama is evil but he is not a neocon, he is from the other warmongering faction. True, it’s a subtle difference but it is there.
http://www.oilempire.us/beyond-bush.html
Beyond Bush: Regime Rotation, Not Regime Change
Absolutely right Derek ,
.
Rham Emanuel the ultra neocon Zionist and the chief power-broker of the Democrat Party to name but one.
.
Let us also not forget President G.W.tried to convince the French President via a phone call that the Bible Prophesy “Gog MayGog†had to be fulfilled by the invasion of Iraq in which G.W.Bush been chosen to serve as the instrument of the “Lord God of Israelâ€.
.
This very frightening fact was somehow completely ignored by the US media.
.
The article’s cozy picture of Bush chumming with his National Security Advisor made me LOL. 43’s wife did say, will someone please take my husband! Condi to the rescue! In sharp contrast, I can’t make light of the heavy spiritual burden carried by individuals like myself who believe in the concept of blood guilt. The blood guilt as described by ancient Greeks as the miasma, the sort of guilt that can pollute the entire family of the murderer. I reference old testament Numbers 35, the Israeli ultra-orthodox may still today, be thinking along these same lines vis-a-vis the IDF’s adventures or rather euphemistic calls for, police actions, against it’s immediate neighbors, so often declared by Bibi and his NeoCon Likudniks. The slain and those innocent people(s) ghosts must be appeased even in cases of non-criminal homicide or in today’s vernacular-collateral damage. I include in this blood guilt, those in authority who are responsible for the wrongdoings, reference 1 Kings 2-5, 31-33. II kings 9:26. In old Israel, even homicidal beasts were stoned to death and the carcass deemed unclean, taboo and of no use. Unexpiated blood guilt is punished by God and all unavenged blood cries to heaven for vindication, which can shaken the believer and gives me great pause for concern. There were NO weapons of mass destruction found in Iraq and immediately before the attack Saddam extended an offer to voluntarily live the country. This offer was rejected, years later Bush Jr mocking joked to a gathering of his avid supporters, and I’m paraphrasing here; those WMD’s, they must be around here somewhere! His audience chuckled but I cringed.
The evil you do comes back to you?
Pelu, It seems that we collectively share in this blood guilt. If our political or religious representatives were elected and or supported by the citizenry or membership then the murder(s) or unintentional homicides extend outwards from their misjudgements to pollute all of us, spiritually. If only the expiation for such mass killing (sinning) could be sated with burdening or sacrificing a single goat, as in the story of the biblical goat!
In this story, “The Pet Goat” is a more appropriate reference (what Bush read to the kids at the school while they waited for the 9/11 attacks to be concluded).
“Though President Obama viewed the sanctions as leverage to compel Iran to accept limits on its nuclear program”
You have, of course, no evidence of that.
Boo!