Tracking CIA-Backed ‘Zero Units’ in Afghanistan

Deadly night raids. Faulty U.S. intelligence. A “classified” war loophole. Lynzy Billing has spent years investigating the civilian casualties of Afghanistan’s C.I.A.-backed Zero Units.

Road to Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan, 2008. (Todd Huffman, Flickr, CC BY 2.0)

By ProPublica 

In 2019, reporter Lynzy Billing returned to Afghanistan to research the murders of her mother and sister nearly 30 years earlier. Instead, in the country’s remote reaches, she stumbled upon the C.I.A.-backed Zero Units, who conducted night raids — quick, brutal operations designed to have resounding psychological impacts while ostensibly removing high-priority enemy targets.

So, Billing attempted to catalog the scale of civilian deaths left behind by just one of four Zero Units, known as the 02, over a four year period. The resulting report represents an effort no one else has done or will ever be able to do again. Here is what she found:

  • At least 452 civilians were killed in 107 raids. This number is almost certainly an undercount. While some raids did result in the capture or death of known militants, others killed bystanders or appeared to target people for no clear reason.
  • A troubling number of raids appear to have relied on faulty intelligence by the C.I.A. and other U.S. intelligence-gathering services. Two Afghan Zero Unit soldiers described raids they were sent on in which they said their targets were chosen by the United States.
  • The former head of Afghanistan’s intelligence agency acknowledged that the units were getting it wrong at times and killing civilians. He oversaw the Zero Units during a crucial period and agreed that no one paid a consequence for those botched raids. He went on to describe an operation that went wrong: “I went to the family myself and said: ‘We are sorry. … We want to be different from the Taliban.’ And I mean we did, we wanted to be different from the Taliban.”
  • The Afghan soldiers weren’t alone on the raids; U.S. special operations forces soldiers working with the C.I.A. often joined them. The Afghan soldiers Billing spoke to said they were typically accompanied on raids by at least 10 U.S. special operations forces soldiers. “These deaths happened at our hands. I have participated in many raids,” one of the Afghans said, “and there have been hundreds of raids where someone is killed and they are not Taliban or ISIS, and where no militants are present at all.”

Jan. 1, 2011: U.S. soldier watching as a helicopter provides cover to an explosive ordnance disposal team in Laghman Province, Afghanistan. (U.S. Army, Ryan C. Matson)

  • Military planners baked potential “collateral damage” into the pre-raid calculus — how many women/children/noncombatants were at risk if the raid went awry, according to one U.S. Army Ranger Billing spoke to. Those forecasts were often wildly off, he said, yet no one seemed to really care. He told Billing that night raids were a better option than airstrikes but acknowledged that the raids risked creating new insurgent recruits. “You go on night raids, make more enemies, then you gotta go on more night raids for the more enemies you now have to kill.”
  • Because the Zero Units operated under a CIA program, their actions were part of a “classified” war, with the lines of accountability so obscured that no one had to answer for operations that went wrong. And U.S. responsibility for the raids was quietly muddied by a legal loophole that allows the C.I.A. — and any U.S. soldiers lent to the agency for their operations — to act without the same level of oversight as the American military.
  • Congressional aides and former intelligence committee staffers said they don’t believe Congress was getting a complete picture of the C.I.A.’s overseas operations. Lawyers representing whistleblowers said there is ample motivation to downplay to Congress the number of civilians killed or injured in such operations. By the time reports get to congressional oversight committees, one lawyer said, they’re “undercounting deaths and overstating accuracy.”

Afghan commandos during a night raid, December 2007. (Marie Schult, Public domain, Wikimedia Commons)

  • U.S. military and intelligence agencies have long relied on night raids by forces like the 02 unit to fight insurgencies around the globe. The strategy has, again and again, drawn outrage for its reliance on sometimes flawed intelligence and civilian death count. In 1967, the C.I.A.’s Phoenix Program famously used kill-capture raids against the Viet Cong insurgency in south Vietnam, creating an intense public blowback. Despite the program’s ignominious reputation — a 1971 Pentagon study found only 3 percent of those killed or captured were full or probationary Viet Cong members above the district level — it appears to have served as a blueprint for future night raid operations.
  • Eyewitnesses, survivors and family members described how Zero Unit soldiers had stormed into their homes at night, killing loved ones** at more than 30 raid sites Billing visited. No Afghan or U.S officials returned to investigate. In one instance, a 22-year-old named Batour witnessed a raid that killed his two brothers. One was a teacher and the other a university student. He told Billing the Zero Unit strategy had actually made enemies of families like his. He and his brothers, he said, had supported the government and vowed never to join the Taliban. Now, he said, he’s not so sure.
  • Little in the way of explanation was ever provided to the relatives of the dead — or to their neighbors and friends — as to why these particular individuals were targeted and what crimes they were accused of. Families who sought answers from provincial officials about the raids were told nothing could be done because they were Zero Unit operations. “They have their own intelligence and they do their own operation,” one grieving family member remembered being told after his three grandchildren were killed in an airstrike and night raid. “The provincial governor gave us a parcel of rice, a can of oil and some sugar” as compensation for the killings. At medical facilities, doctors told Billing they’d never been contacted by Afghan or U.S. investigators or human rights groups about the fate of those injured in the raids. Some of the injured later died, quietly boosting the casualty count.

Burying civilians in Afghanistan. (Ariana News)

In a statement, C.I.A. spokesperson Tammy Thorp said, “As a rule, the U.S. takes extraordinary measures — beyond those mandated by law — to reduce civilian casualties in armed conflict, and treats any claim of human rights abuses with the utmost seriousness.” She said any allegations of human rights abuses by a “foreign partner” are reviewed and, if valid, the C.I.A. and “other elements of the U.S. government take concrete steps, including providing training on applicable law and best practices, or if necessary terminating assistance or the relationship.” Thorp said the Zero Units had been the target of a systematic propaganda campaign designed to discredit them because “of the threat they posed to Taliban rule.”

The Department of Defense did not respond to questions about Zero Unit operations.

With a forensic pathologist, Billing drove hundreds of miles across some of the country’s most volatile areas — visiting the sites of more than 30 raids, interviewing witnesses, survivors, family members, doctors and village elders. To understand the program, she met secretly with two Zero Unit soldiers over the course of years, wrangled with Afghanistan’s former spy master in his heavily fortified home and traveled to a diner in the middle of America to meet with an Army Ranger who’d joined the units on operations.

A market in Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan, 2008. (Todd Huffman, Flickr, CC BY 2.0)

She also conducted more than 350 interviews with current and former Afghan and American government officials, Afghan commanders, U.S military officials, American defense and security officials and former C.I.A. intelligence officers, as well as U.S. lawmakers and former oversight committee members, counterterrorism and policy officers, civilian-casualty assessment experts, military lawyers, intelligence analysts, representatives of human rights organizations, doctors, hospital directors, coroners, forensic examiners, eyewitnesses and family members — some of whom are not named in the story for their safety.

While America’s war in Afghanistan may be over, there are lessons to be learned from what it left behind. Billing writes:

“The American government has scant basis for believing it has a full picture of the Zero Units’ performance. Again and again, I spoke with Afghans who had never shared their stories with anyone. Congressional officials concerned about the CIA’s operations in Afghanistan said they were startled by the civilian death toll I documented.

As my notebooks filled, I came to realize that I was compiling an eyewitness account of a particularly ignominious chapter in the United States’ fraught record of overseas interventions.

Without a true reckoning of what happened in Afghanistan, it became clear the U.S. could easily deploy the same failed tactics in some new country against some new threat.”

Read her full report here.

This article is from ProPublica. 

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14 comments for “Tracking CIA-Backed ‘Zero Units’ in Afghanistan

  1. sgt_doom
    January 14, 2023 at 20:59

    Assuming this is all accurate — did they murder the actual enemy?

    Taliban, al Qaeda, ISIS???

    The Taliban rolled into Kabul in 3 days or less!?!?

    Which makes this all the more confusing if all these murders accomplished ZILCH?!?!

  2. vinnieoh
    January 13, 2023 at 13:30

    As prelude:

    “A Bright Shining Lie – John Paul Vann and the United States in Viet Nam” by Neal Sheehan.

    Which makes:

    “Without a true reckoning of what happened in Afghanistan, it became clear the U.S. could easily deploy the same failed tactics in some new country against some new threat.”

    seem like Ground Hog’s Day or Deja vu, all over again.

  3. Jeff Harrison
    January 13, 2023 at 10:44

    Aaron Good “American Exception, Empire, and the Deep State”. Read it. It will make clear for you why these things happen.

    • robert e williamson jr
      January 14, 2023 at 13:33

      FYI Jeff and everyone.

      Jan 10, 2022 hXXtps://projectcensored.org/american-exception-empire-and-the-deep-state-with-aaron-good-and-david-talbot/

      A one hour taped (audio only) interview of David Talbot by Aaron Good not a dull second in the entire interview, great stuff. So good I’m buying Aaron’s book today.

      I’m anxious to see what, if any connections dove tail with the content of Jany Mayer’s book DARK MONEY, if any. One thing is certain judging from Aaron’s interview of Talbot these researchers and others, have found a thread of continuity the running through the history of the U.S. from just before WWII to the present. As Ms. Billing’s documents here, this thread is a story of murder and destruction and the compromise of the American system of government. One that still is enforce to this day.

      Thanks CN

  4. Dienne
    January 13, 2023 at 09:58

    “He told Billing that night raids were a better option than airstrikes….”

    Those are the only two alternatives? No wonder we keep losing wars.

  5. Dr. Hujjatullah M.H.B. Sahib
    January 13, 2023 at 02:26

    A highly plausible investigative write-up that bothers to take stock of the needlessly bloody antics of the infamous CIA and its Zero Units in particular here the 02. The lessons generated hereby are very clear but will it change that covert monster CIA ? Highly doubtful, US presidents themselves do not trust them to change; why should anyone else ?

  6. SH
    January 12, 2023 at 19:17

    Can’t help wondering if the new Republican committee on investigating the “Deep State” of which the CIA is a part, will deal with the legal “loopholes” in accountability that allows these “secret” covert actions – naw, they only care about the CIA, etc. involvement in “suppressing” conservatives (read Rep.) wonder if the Dem members of the Committee will want to look into this – naw, this was done under D admin, as well

  7. NoOneYouKnow
    January 12, 2023 at 18:27

    I guess this is what they mean by “the rules-based international order.”

  8. Steve
    January 12, 2023 at 17:59

    Murder squads. Western values. Rules-based order. Fuck these CIA scum.

  9. Selina Sweet
    January 12, 2023 at 16:54

    What “right” do we have being in sovereign foreign countries much
    less killing their people – militants or civilians – when there’s been
    no war declared by Congress. Is that an antiquated concept?
    How are these actions any different from the mafia, drug cartels
    or any other criminal gang? The entire Ukraine militaristic
    manipulation from the 2014 US induced military coup, the
    tsunami of America money for a tsunami of weapons given
    to Ukraine, death by drones operated from the USA, the crushing
    of whistleblowers, how can any of this military racket be run by
    anyone other than psychopaths? That’s an honest question.

  10. shmutzoid
    January 12, 2023 at 16:14

    From Central America to the Middle East and points in between, NO US regime has faced ANY consequences for the murderous rampages that’ve brought death, destruction and misery to hundreds of thousands. Euphemistically named “humanitarian interventions”, the US has waged war, imposed sanctions and organized coups in a failing attempt to remain the world’s hegemonic power.
    —— It’s estimated that since WWll the US has been responsible for some 20 million deaths in its quest to impose Full Spectrum Dominance. From the Monroe Doctrine to the Wolfowitz Doctrine, US history is a sordid tale of conquest and plunder.
    ———- Most of the world has had it with Imperial USA. Economic/trade agreements are emerging around the world that will eventually spell the end of the US dollar as the reserve currency. Hopefully, the US will not lash out first with nukes in attempting to prevent this inevitable reality.

  11. mgr
    January 12, 2023 at 16:04

    In Afghanistan, the Middle East, Latin America and earlier in Vietnam, not to mention domestically (FBI: Dr. Martin Luther King, Russia-gate,…), America’s taxpayers dollars at work. As immoral and soul-destroying as that is, it seems that every time the CIA has been involved with the operations of some military conflict, we’ve lost.

    • January 12, 2023 at 16:26

      mgr: ” it seems that every time the CIA has been involved with the operations of some military conflict, we’ve lost.” Well, I certainly hope they can maintain that record. As JFK said, the CIA must be broken into a thousand pieces.
      The sooner, the better.

      • Henry Smith
        January 13, 2023 at 04:11

        Unfortunately, the power of the CIA is such that it was JFK and RFKs skulls that were broken into a thousand pieces by the CIA. Nothing has changed, it’s got worse.

Comments are closed.