Israel’s zero-click spyware is profoundly unconstitutional as it is an AI version of computer hacking, which is a felony, writes Andrew P. Napolitano. But don’t expect the feds to prosecute their own.
Attorney General Pam Bondi, F.B.I. Director Kash Patel and President Donald Trump in a press conference at the White House in October 2025. (White House /Molly Riley)
During the first Trump administration, the F.B.I. quietly spent $5 million on Pegasus, an Israeli-developed software product known generically as zero click. Zero click permits the user to download the contents of another mobile or desktop device without tricking the user of that device into clicking on a viral link.
When F.B.I. Director Christopher Wray was confronted with evidence of this purchase in 2021, he stated under oath at a congressional hearing that his agents did not and would not use it; but they bought it because they wanted to understand how it worked. He claimed that it was in storage under lock and key in a warehouse in New Jersey.
Not trusting his own F.B.I. director, President Joe Biden signed an executive order in 2023 prohibiting the use of this software by any employee of the federal government except for true national security emergencies.
Last week, we learned that President Donald Trump quietly rescinded Biden’s executive order.
We also learned last week that the infamous section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which expires next month and which Trump once condemned when he believed it was being used against him personally when he was out of office as well as during his first term, now has the president’s full endorsement for a legislative extension.
Here is the backstory.
After the presidential employment of the C.I.A. and F.B.I. to violate Americans’ privacy during the Nixon administration, Congress enacted FISA, which proclaims itself to be the sole lawful way for the intelligence community to spy on Americans. Hogwash. The sole lawful way for any government person to use the power of government to spy on anyone in the United States, American or not, is to obtain a search warrant under the Fourth Amendment.
That requires the presentation of probable cause of crime to a federal judge and the issuance by the judge of a warrant permitting the surveillance. The warrant must specifically describe the places to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
FISA purports to change that by changing the nature of the evidence presented to and the warrants issued by any federal judge who sits on the FISA Court. Instead of probable cause of crime — mandated by the Fourth Amendment — FISA Court judges may issue search warrants based on probable cause of communicating with a foreign person. And instead of the Fourth Amendment’s mandated specificity requirements, FISA Court judges may authorize federal agents to search where they wish in a given database and seize what they find.
One FISA Court judge signed a search warrant permitting federal agents to rummage through the telephone records of all Verizon’s American customers, which at the time was 115 million households.
A Way to Spy on All of Us
Close-up of a phone screen. (Obi Onyeador/Pexels/Free Use)
This search-where-you-wish-and-seize-what-you-find mantra has the earmarks of general warrants that were used by British soldiers and government agents on colonists in pre-revolutionary America. General warrants were outlawed by the Fourth Amendment, but Congress — notorious for shirking its constitutional duties — doesn’t think twice about enacting statues that directly contravene the Constitution.
It gets worse. Section 702 of FISA permits warrantless surveillance on foreign persons in the U.S. and elsewhere. This, too, violates the Fourth Amendment, whose protections are for all “people” and have never been limited to Americans.
It gets worse still. Section 702 permits warrantless surveillance on all persons who communicated with foreign persons; and the FISA Court has extended those permissions out to the sixth degree. Thus, if you call your cousin in Dublin or email an art dealer in Florence, the feds can surveil all your communications without a warrant, even those having nothing to do with your cousin or your art dealer.
And then they can surveil without a warrant all persons to whom you communicate and all persons with whom your communicants communicate, out to the sixth degree. In 2023, the feds surveilled a database of 3 million Americans who spoke with foreign persons. This surveillance, taken out to the sixth degree, can exponentially swell to all 340 million Americans. Presto, the feds found a way to spy on all of us and claim it is legal.
It is not legal. Congress had no authority to enact FISA including Section 702, and the FISA Court had no authority to expand the scope of Section 702 out to the sixth degree. When someone from the Trump campaign in 2015 spoke with a Russian friend, the feds used Section 702 and its sixth-degree extensions to spy on Trump’s folks, including the then-presidential candidate himself.
When Trump learned of this, he publicly proclaimed that FISA should be scrapped. Now that he is back in the White House and has a more pliant F.B.I. and C.I.A., he wants Section 702 extended.
But the entire FISA architecture is itself a fig leaf because of zero click. As horrific to personal freedom as FISA is, as inexplicable as Trump’s belated turnabout support for it is, as patently unconstitutional are warrants based on anything but probable cause of crime, all this is a subterfuge since the feds took zero click out of that New Jersey warehouse.
Zero click is profoundly unconstitutional as it is an AI version of computer hacking. Computer hacking — the unauthorized entry into another person’s electronic device, whether data is downloaded or not — is a felony, and many of the same F.B.I. agents who use zero click on unsuspecting Americans actually investigate and help prosecute persons for computer hacking. But don’t expect the feds to prosecute their own.
What’s going on here?
What’s going on is silent violence against the quintessential American right to be left alone. What’s going on is a reckless Congress faithless to the Constitution it has sworn to uphold. What’s going on is the silent destruction of personal freedom.
Of what value is the Constitution if the people in whose hands we repose it for safekeeping can ignore it?
Andrew P. Napolitano, a former judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey, was the senior judicial analyst at Fox News Channel and hosts the podcast Judging Freedom. Judge Napolitano has written seven books on the U.S. Constitution. The most recent is Suicide Pact: The Radical Expansion of Presidential Powers and the Lethal Threat to American Liberty. To learn more about Judge Andrew Napolitano, visit https://JudgeNap.com.
Published by permission of the author.
COPYRIGHT 2026 ANDREW P. NAPOLITANO
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The views expressed are solely those of the author and may or may not reflect those of Consortium News.
Studies suggest an uptick in the number of unselfish secondary selfies .
According to multiple news reports citing intelligence sources, Israeli intelligence agencies (specifically Unit 8200 and Mossad), in a joint operation with the U.S. CIA, hacked into nearly all of Tehran’s traffic and surveillance cameras to track the movements of Iranian leaders, which ultimately enabled the assassination of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
Scratching the surface ?
The United States is nullifying the Constitution and quietly exiting the Free World.
Let’s call them enemies of the people!
I assume with FISA and the ‘five eyes’, the USA permits itself to not just spy on all Americans but also to spy on all humankind. No-one is safe.
Human Outta The Loop ?
Inside , outside , somewhere ?
The notion of such .
It pulled the cord right outta the wall ?
It left a note on the floor.
It went aloft after it hit the door .
The note said , from senter , good bye , but not where it was headed for .
Some great questions asked here by Mr. Napolitano; and great questions are imperative.
A fine article, Judge, about something quite disturbing that few know about. But as far as Trump goes, there is nothing inexplicable about him suddenly demanding the expansion of authoritarian or even totalitarian violations of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. He only complained because these violations involved him. Now, he feels no need to obey any law, and thinks he enjoys the natural right to violate the rights of others on the grandest of scales.