A Eurocentric perspective on the war dominates, while the conflict in Asia is little known in the West. Historical memory of WW II fades as generations of participants and witnesses pass away, says Uroš Lipušcek.
This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War. Eight decades later, concerns are growing worldwide that memories of World War II are fading fast. Younger generations – and even some leading politicians – often lack a full understanding of that devastating conflict. It is crucial that we do not forget the immense suffering endured by the Chinese people and by others across the globe.
The following are remarks made at the Chinese embassy in Ljubjana, Slovenia this month by Uroš Lipušcek, who was a long-time TV Slovenia correspondent in the Middle East, the United States and China, and a candidate for the European Parliament in 2023.
By Uroš Lipušcek
The excerpt from the recent Chinese film Nanjing Zhaoxingguan – Dead to Rights (Nánjng zhàoxiànggun, translated as Nanjing Photo Studio) that you have just seen (above) reminds us of the horrors of World War II in China, especially the extensive and unimaginable crimes committed by the Japanese army in what was then China’s southern capital.
Let me stress that the purpose of showing this clip is not to insult today’s Japan, but to warn that such atrocities must never be repeated. Unfortunately, humanity’s memory is short – as is tragically confirmed by the events we witness today, including the genocide in Gaza.
World War II ended in Europe on May 8, 1945, with the capitulation of Nazi Germany, and in Asia only on Sept. 2 of the same year, when Japan signed an unconditional surrender aboard the American battleship USS Missouri.
In Europe, a Eurocentric perspective on the war dominates, while the conflict in Asia is often little known. Historical memory of World War II is fading as the generations of participants and witnesses pass away.
This was confirmed by a statement made by E.U. High Representative for Foreign Affairs Kaja Kallas at the recent ASEAN conference in Malaysia: “Russia turned to China and said: ‘We, Russia and China, fought together in the Second World War, we won the Second World War, we defeated Nazism together.’ I thought, ‘Okay, this is something new.’”
Such a comment shows scandalous ignorance from a politician responsible for E.U. foreign and security policy – ignorance of basic historical facts that every school child should know.
Similarly, U.S. President Donald Trump claimed that the United States won both world wars, ignoring the decisive role of the Red Army on the Eastern Front, China’s massive resistance to Japanese aggression in Asia, and the resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe, such as in Yugoslavia.
At the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919, after World War I, the great powers awarded Germany’s former concession in Shandong to Japan. China, officially among the victors, strongly opposed this decision – especially students. This became a major impetus for the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921.
Hall of Mirrors at Versailles Palace where WWI peace treaty was signed. (Joe Lauria)
Chinese Suffering
According to Chinese historians, some 35 million [Chinese] people perished in the struggle, while the Soviet Union lost around 27 million.
China was the first country to mount armed resistance to fascist aggression. As early as 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchukuo, headed by China’s last emperor, Puyi.
In 1937, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in Beijing triggered a full-scale war that lasted eight years. In Nanjing, in December 1937, the Japanese army massacred more than 300,000 civilians in just three weeks and raped tens of thousands of women.
Japan’s infamous Unit 731 conducted biological weapons experiments on civilians and prisoners of war, crimes comparable to Nazi atrocities in European death camps.
A United Front
China’s resistance was unique: despite deep ideological divides, the Communists led by Mao Zedong and the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek formed a united front against the aggressors.
Nothing similar occurred in Europe, where right-wing parties often collaborated with the Nazis. After Japan’s defeat, civil war resumed in China, ending with the Communist victory and the Kuomintang retreat to Taiwan. In 1949, the Communist Party proclaimed the People’s Republic of China, bringing to a close a century of humiliation.
After the war, public attention and historiography focused primarily on naval battles between the U.S. and Japan and, above all, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This framing cast the Japanese as both aggressors and victims, obscuring their inherent responsibility.
China’s armed resistance was further overshadowed by the onset of the Cold War, China’s political isolation, and the unresolved Taiwan issue.
China Helped Save Europe Too
Chinese Eighth Route Army cavalry October 1937 en route to engage Japanese invaders. (Sha Fei/Wikimedia Commons)
Nonetheless, China’s determined resistance against Japan also made a decisive contribution to the defense of the Soviet Union, as China engaged the majority – up to 70 percent – of Japan’s regular military forces.
In doing so, China indirectly supported the U.S. Navy in the Pacific. In 1937, Japan’s General Staff planned an attack on the Soviet Union (the “Northern Plan,” or Hokushin-ron), but was decisively defeated by Soviet forces under General Zhukov at Khalkhin Gol in 1939.
After this loss, Japan shifted its focus to Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Had China collapsed as swiftly as France did in 1940, Japan might have invaded Siberia. In that case, Stalin would not have been able to redeploy 30 Red Army divisions to defend Moscow in December 1941 – a turning point in halting the German advance.
The history of World War II might then have unfolded very differently.
The memory of World War II in China remains contested. In Japan, right-wing politicians still visit the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, where war criminals are enshrined. It is also important to recall that Japanese militarism from the late 19th century onwards closely imitated the Prussian model – with conscription, military dominance in politics, and a powerful officer class. Without the European example, Japanese aggression might have been less severe.
As we commemorate the 80th anniversary of victory over Nazism and fascism, we must acknowledge that this triumph was achieved through joint efforts and should be celebrated together.
It is therefore difficult to understand why senior representatives of the former anti-Hitler coalition boycotted recent commemorations in Beijing, while Japanese diplomacy pressured E.U. member states not to attend it.
Recognition of responsibility for the war and remembrance of its victims remain essential prerequisites for reconciliation, cooperation, and lasting peace.
Still from the film.
Uroš Lipušcek Ph.D. is a Slovenian journalist and historian who was the long-time correspondent for RTV Slovenija from the U.N., U.S. and China. He was a candidate for the EU parliament in 2024. At present he is a professor at Emuni University (Euro-Mediterranean University) in Piran, Slovenia. He is the author of several books and analyses on history, among them Ave Wilson: USA and the Remaking of Slovenia in Versailles 1919–1920, (2003) and Sacro Egoismo: Slovenians in the Clutches of the Secret London Pact of 1915 (2012).
Views expressed in this article may or may not reflect those of Consortium News.
Unfortunately, the notion of the Nationalist Chinese forming a united front with the Communist Chinese is a myth.
Two books to read: “The Soong Dynasty” by Sterling Seagrave (whose father Gordon Seagrave was General Stillwell’s chief surgeon) and “Gold Warriors” by Sterling Seagrave and Peggy Seagrave.
The New 4th Army incident and the kidnapping of Chiang Kai-shek in order to convince him to form an alliance with Mao’s forces are instructive in this regard.
Forgotten war – CBI
My father released from Chinese hospital .
Tech Sgt. – Bronze star – Fixed station Radio repairman / operator ,flying the Hump , leaving Burma had to offload to get enough lift to get over top among other flights . .- approx 650 planes went down .
Advanced communications installations stations set ups in front of lines . Met indigenous people .
Not forgotten , wish he would have talked more about it .
Only boy in his family , I am fortunate to be here to say this .
A lot of records burnt in St. Louis fire .
My tribute .
Taiwan has maintained a “secret” invasion army in Burma and Thailand ever since 1950.
The Secret Arny; Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle, Richard Michael Gibson and Wen H. Chen
Taiwan and mainland are very closely interlinked economically. Businessmen and tourists were passing back and forth with ever greater ease, until the US government decided stir up trouble. No mainland government is at all likely to invade the island. There is no profit in it for anyone except for US warmongers, eager to kill “lesser breeds outside the law”.
The cruelties of the Japanese military, the heroism of Chinese resistance fighters, is not forgotten in China. Every family in the occupied zone has a family story about how a dozen or a hundred members were murdered by Japanese soldiers.
Random Japanese people often make the most absurd denials or excuses. One woman tried to persuade me that the Nanjing Massacre was done by Korean conscripts trying to make Japan look bad! In fact, there were no Korean conscripts in 1937.
Tens of thousands of American airmen were stationed in China, mostly in Yunnan province. Kunming (Yunnan’s capitol) has a sizeable monument to all the 82 American who created the Chinese air force, the Flying Tigers, as well as all those who “flew the Hump”, carrying supplies betweem British India and Kunming over the Himalayas.
The momument to the Nanjing Massacre is worth a tourist’s visit. LIkewise, the Unit 731 museum at their headquarters outside Harbin.
“the unresolved Taiwan issue.” In a sense, it’s unresolved, but only because the U.S. ignores agreements it signed during and at the closing of the WWII. The Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Declaration both affirmed that all Chinese territory occupied by Japan, including Taiwan would be returned to China. Taiwan is Chinese territory, period. Only 11 countries maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan, the largest being Guatemala. Talk of the U.S. going to war with China over Chinese territory is madness.
“At the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919, after World War I, the ‘great powers’ awarded Germany’s former concession in Shandong to Japan.” ‘Great powers,’ needs to be replaced with ‘imperialist powers.’ China and the Soviet Union defeated Western Colonialism which is the root of Western and Japanese fascism. The losing fascists, Germany and Japan were immediately adopted as vassals by the imperialist opportunist victor of WW2, i.e. the U.S.A. The struggle against U.S. led imperialism continues to be the core conflict in the world today.
I totally agree with you. This dynamic is poorly understood. It’s allowed the US to ride roughshod over international law and kill tens of millions since the end of the war. Now we see the true face of fascist US and the rest of the West. Who will stop us and will we survive?